Impacts of chemical elements on fluorosis in children and the formation of “Safe Islands” in the fluorosis area: Case analysis in Weinan region, Shaanxi Province, China

Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2019     |     PP. 159-184      |     PDF (695 K)    |     Pub. Date: September 17, 2019
DOI:    197 Downloads     7383 Views  

Author(s)

Xinlei Liu, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China
Xuxiang Li, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China
Chunqi Li, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Pingping Liu, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China
Hao Fu, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract
Weinan region is a typical water-drinking endemic fluorosis area in China. However, during the investigation of fluorosis in Weinan, we found that there were specific areas with low or even no prevalence of fluorosis under high-fluoride drinking water conditions. These areas were defined as “Safe Islands”. The present study investigated the prevalence of dental fluorosis among 8- to 12-year-old children and the drinking water fluoride content in all townships in Weinan region, and 18 Safe Island areas were selected as the research objects. In total, 5 typical townships with high dental fluorosis prevalence were selected as the control group, and the effects of 23 soil chemical elements on differences in the condition prevalence were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using correlation analysis, the Standard Coefficient Method and the Rank Sum Test. The results showed that phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) had significant effects on the dental fluorosis prevalence in children, and the contribution values of the four soil elements were 1.212, -4.267, 3.102 and 1.733, respectively. The results of the Rank Sum Test revealed that the contents of P and Cu in the soil were significantly different between the two groups, suggesting that these two elements probably caused abnormal fluorosis prevalence and affected the formation of a Safe Island in the Weinan fluorosis area.

Keywords
Fluorosis in children · cultivated soil · Safe Island · Soil chemical elements· Impacts · Weinan fluorosis area

Cite this paper
Xinlei Liu, Xuxiang Li, Chunqi Li, Pingping Liu, Hao Fu, Impacts of chemical elements on fluorosis in children and the formation of “Safe Islands” in the fluorosis area: Case analysis in Weinan region, Shaanxi Province, China , SCIREA Journal of Environment. Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2019 | PP. 159-184.

References

[ 1 ] Xu LY (2012) Fluorine in stratum-groundwater system. Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, Zhengzhou.
[ 2 ] Kunli Luo, Yonglin Liu and HuijieLi. 2012. Fluoride content and distribution pattern in groundwater of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou, China. Environ Geochem Health, 34(1):89-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-011-9393-3
[ 3 ] J.P.Yadav, Suman Lata, Sudhir K. Kataria, Sunil Kumar.(2009) Fluoride distribution in groundwater and survey of dental fluorosis among school children in the villages of the Jhajjar District of Haryana, India. Environ Geochem Health, 31: 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9196-3
[ 4 ] Wang JY, Chen SX, Li BL, Yu J, Xu LF, Xu HZ (2004) Epidemiological Survey and Analysis of Effects After Water Improvement to Reduce Fluoride and Dental Fluorosis Prevalence of Children in High Fluorosis Areas in Jiangmen, Yangjiang, Yunfu, Shaoguan and Zhaoqing Cities. Rural Health Administration in China 24(3): 47-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506120410001682569
[ 5 ] He FZ, Guo M, Danzengsangbu, Nimachangjue, Baimayangjin (2011) Surveillance annlysis of drinking water borne fluorosis in Tibet autonomous region in 2009. Chin J Endemiol 30(2):194-196. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-4955.2011.02.024
[ 6 ] Duan YM, Wang CC, Pu D, Lin Q, Huang J, Zhang L (2018) Drinking tea type of endemic fluorosis in Xinjiang in 2014-2016. Chin J Endemiol 37(4): 316-318. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2018.04.012
[ 7 ] Yu LP, Sun J, Chen AL, Chen JJ, Yu WN (2017) Drinking water type endemic fluorosis in monitoring data of Ningxia in 2014. Journal of Ningxia Medical University 39(3): 290-292. https://doi.org/10.16050/j/cnki.issn1674-6309.2017.03.01
[ 8 ] Yan J, Zhong ZH, Wang YX, Yan W (2013) Changes of blood zinc content in patients with coal-burning endemic fluorosis and its implication. Academic Journal of School Military Medical University 34(1):58-62. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1008.2013.00058
[ 9 ] Jiao YZ, Mou LH, Wang YX, Yan W, Zhong ZH, Li L (2012) Study on the association between environmental chemical elements and fluorosis caused by coal-fire pollution. Chin J Epidemio 33: 1243-1247. https://doi.org/ 10.3760/cma.j.is.254-6450.2012.12.010
[ 10 ] Tang J, Xiao TF, Wang SJ, Lei JL, Zhang MZ, Gong YY, Li HJ, Ning ZP, He LB (2009). High cadmium concentrations in areas with endemic fluorosis: a serious hidden toxin? Chemosphere 76(3): 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.064
[ 11 ] Wu GZ (1997) Dictionary of population science. Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Press, Chengdu.
[ 12 ] Gao YH, Sun DJ (2018) Study on biogeochemical diseases, ancient and new field. Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention 22(2):107-108. https://doi.org/10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2018.02.001
[ 13 ] Niu ZY, Cao J, Li B (2009) Spatiotemporal Changes of Landform and Residential Area in Weinan City. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation 29(4):224-228. https://doi.org/10.13961/J.CNKI.STBCTH.2009.04.046
[ 14 ] Cen MY, Ge M, Liu YL, Wang CX, Yang SF (2016) The effect of geographical indices on left ventricular structure in healthy Han Chinese population. Int J Biometeorol 61(2): 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00484-016-1212-1
[ 15 ] Mikkola LM (2007) Genetic basis of skin appendage development. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 18(2): 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.01.007
[ 16 ] Michon F, Tummers M, Kyyrönen M, Frilander MJ, Thesleff I (2010) Tooth morphogenesis and ameloblast differentiation are regulated by micro-RNAs. Developmental Biology 340(2): 355-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.019
[ 17 ] Hou TZ, Liang J, Tao H (2005) The expression of BMP-2 in ameloblast cells inhibited by fluoride in mice incisor. Journal of Modern Stomatology 19(1):46-48.
[ 18 ] Ji ZZ, Xia R, Mei LX (2012) Effect of short exposure to high levels of fluoride induces the expression of BMP-2 in ameloblasts of mice molars. China Medicine and Pharmacy 02(17): 37-39.
[ 19 ] Chang YC, Chou MY (2001) Cytotoxicity of fluoride on human pulp cell cultures in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology 91: 230-234. https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2001.111757
[ 20 ] Gupta SK, Khan TI, Gupta RC, Gupta AB, Gupta KC, Jain P, Gupta A (2001) Compensatory hyperparathyroidism following high fluoride ingestion - a clinico - biochemical correlation. Indian Pediatrics 38, 139-146.
[ 21 ] Krishnamachari KA (1986) Skeletal fluorosis in humans: a review of recent progress in the understanding of the disease. Prog Food Nutr Sci 10(3-4): 279-314.
[ 22 ] Chen PZ, Yun ZJ, Li T, Gao HX, Hao JT, Qin YP (2002) Relations between endemic fluorosis and chemical elements in environment. Chinese Journal of Public Health 18(4): 433-434.
[ 23 ] Khandare LA, Suresh P, Uday Kumar P, Lakshmaiah N, Manjula N, Shanker Rao G (2005) Beneficial effect of copper supplementation on deposition of fluoride in bone in fluoride- and molybdenum-fed rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int 77: 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-005-0071-2
[ 24 ] Milne DB (1994) Asseaament of copper nutritional status. Cline Chem 40: 1479-1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-9120(94)90036-1
[ 25 ] Varol E, Icli A, Aksoy F, Bas HA, Sutcu R, Ersoy IH, Varol S, Ozaydin M (2013) Evaluation of total oxidative status and total antioxidant capacity in patients with endemic fluorosis. Toxicology & Industrial Health 29(2):175-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233711428641
[ 26 ] Izquierdovega JA, Sánchezgutiérrez M, Del Razo LM (2008) Decreased in vitro fertility in male rats exposed to fluoride-induced oxidative stress damage and mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 230(3): 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.008
[ 27 ] Zhang YH, Cheng YY, Hong Y, Wang DL, Li ST (2003) Effects of zinc deficiency on bone mineralization and its mechanism in rats. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine 37(2):121-124. https://doi.org/10.3760/j:issn:0253-9624.2003.02.015
[ 28 ] Yan J, Zhong ZH, Huang Q, Wang L, Yong KW, Zhang MZ, Luo XJ, Yan W(2013) Correlation between prevalence of dental fluorosis and soil chemical elements in endemic fluorosis areas. Chin J Endemiol 32(3): 303-308. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2013.03.018
[ 29 ] Wu JH, Li DD, Yang D, Qin M, Li BY, Liu XN, Li M, Li YY, Zhang W, Gao YH (2017) Distribution of serum Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu ions in Tibetan population in drinking tea type fluorosis. Chin J Endemiol 36(7):502-506. https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.2095-4255.2017.07.009
[ 30 ] Xiong CL (2016) Study on the influencing factors of dental fluorosis in children in drinking water fluorosis area. Dissertation, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
[ 31 ] Goyer RA (1996) Results of Lead Research: Prenatal Exposure and Neurological Consequences. Environmental Health Perspectives 104(10): 1050-1054. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3433116
[ 32 ] Juberg DR, Kleiman CF, Kwon SC (1997) Position paper of the American Council on Science and Health: lead and human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 38(3): 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1997.1591
[ 33 ] Barry PSI (1975) A comparison of concentrations of lead in human tissues. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 32(2):119-139.
[ 34 ] Barry PSI (1981) Concentrations of Lead in the Tissues of Children. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 38(1): 61-71. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27723491
[ 35 ] Gerlach, RF, de Souza AP, Cury JA, Line SR (2000) Effect of lead, cadmium and zinc on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 108(4):327-334. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0722.2000.108004327.x
[ 36 ] Noor Z, Azharuddin A, Aflanie I, Kania N, Suhartonos E (2018) Interaction between lead and bone protein to affect bone calcium level using UV-Vis spectroscopy. International Conference on nanomaterials and biomaterials 350: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/350/1/012009
[ 37 ] Liu YZ (2011) Injury Mechanism and biomarkers of lead toxicity to bone. Medical Recapitulate 17:97-100.
[ 38 ] Leite GA, Sawan RM, Teófilo JM, Porto IM, Sousa FB, Gerlach RF (2011) Exposure to lead exacerbates dental fluorosis. Archives of Oral Biology 56(7): 695-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.011
[ 39 ] Jiao YZ, Mou LH, Wang YX, Zhang MZ, Zhong ZH, Luo XJ, Yan W (2011) Ecological study on chemical elements in soil and endemic fluorosis. Guangdong Weiliang Yaun Kexue 18(8): 6-11. https://doi.org/10.16755/J/CNKI.ISSN.1006-446X.2011.08.018
[ 40 ] Kemi VE, Kärkkäinen MU, Lamderg CJ (2006) High phosphorus intakes acutely and negatively affect Ca and bone metabolism in a dose-dependent manner in healthy young females. British Journal of Nutrition 96(3):545-552. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061838
[ 41 ] Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE (2000) Nutrition in bone health revisited: a story beyond calcium. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19(6): 715-737. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718070
[ 42 ] Koroglu BK, Ersoy IH, Koroglu M, Balkarli A, Ersoy S, Varol S, Tamer MN (2011) Serum parathyroid hormone levels in chronic endemic fluorosis. Biological Trace Element Research 143(1): 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8847-2
[ 43 ] Ren LQ, Li GS, Sun B, Guo H, Luo J (1996) Effects of different nutrients on bone density in osteomalacia fluorosis. Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Disease 11(3): 140-142.
[ 44 ] Tamer MN, Kale KB, Arslan C, Akdoğan M, Köroğlu M, Cam H, Yildiz M (2007) Osteosclerosis due to endemic fluorosis. Science of the Total Environment 373(1): 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.051
[ 45 ] Zheng ZX, Wang Y, Shi L, Gong QL, Zheng W, Zhao ZY, Zhai BN (2017) Contents and distribution of soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphate, potassium in the main apple production regions of Shaanxi Province. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer 23(5): 1191-1198. https://doi.org/10.11674/ZWYF.17010